What are the basic methods for handling dangerous goods?

1, The primary operation after discovering a dangerous goods incident
Stay calm and block the scene: After discovering a dangerous goods incident, the primary task is to remain calm, quickly block the location and surrounding area of the incident, prohibit others from approaching, and prevent the situation from escalating.
Refer to the dangerous goods manual: Based on the goods label or identification code, quickly refer to the dangerous goods manual to understand the main hazardous properties of the dangerous goods, including flammability, explosiveness, toxicity, corrosiveness, radioactivity, etc., in order to take targeted treatment measures.
Call for help: Immediately dial 119 to report the name, quantity, and accident situation of the dangerous goods to the emergency response department, and request professional rescue forces to be present for disposal.
Do not operate on your own: Do not operate dangerous goods without authorization until professional personnel arrive on site to avoid causing greater safety risks.
2, Conventional handling methods for different types of dangerous goods
Flammable liquid
Extinguishing method: The most effective way to extinguish flammable liquid fires is to use foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder and other fire extinguishers.
Leakage treatment: Cover and absorb with sand or soft materials in a timely manner, and then concentrate in an open and safe place for treatment. When covering, attention should be paid to preventing liquids from flowing into sewers, rivers, and other places to prevent environmental pollution.
Flammable solids, self igniting materials, and wet flammable materials
Extinguishing method: according to the different properties of flammable solids, water, sand, foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder extinguishing agent can be used to extinguish the fire. However, it should be noted that flammable solids that react with water should not be extinguished with water. Metal powders such as aluminum powder and titanium powder should be extinguished with dry sand or dry powder fire extinguishers; Flammable solids with explosive hazards are prohibited from being covered with sand; Flammable solids, such as phosphorus compounds and nitrogen compounds, which produce highly toxic gases when encountering water or acid, produce toxic and irritating gases when burning. It is strictly prohibited to use nitrate alkali and foam extinguishing agents to put out the fire. Gas masks must be worn when putting out the fire.
Leakage treatment: When the above three types of goods are leaked, they can be collected and packaged separately. The collected residues cannot be discharged or discarded arbitrarily. When dealing with spills that react with water, water cannot be used, but the cleaned site can be washed with a large amount of water.
Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides
Fire extinguishing methods: Organic peroxides and metal peroxides can only be extinguished with sand, dry powder, and carbon dioxide fire extinguishing agents; Wear a gas mask during firefighting.
Leakage treatment: During the loading and unloading process, if the oxidant leaks due to poor packaging or improper operation, it should be gently swept up and packaged separately. However, it cannot be shipped in the same vehicle and must be left in a safe place. The small amount of oxidant or residue leaked should be cleaned up.
poisons and infectious substances
Fire extinguishing method: When extinguishing the fire, try to stand in the upwind direction as much as possible and wear a gas mask.
Leakage treatment: Solid toxic and infectious substances can be collected and placed in containers after scanning; Liquid toxic and infectious substances should be soaked in soft materials such as cotton wool and sawdust, adsorbed, collected, and placed in containers.
Explosive materials
Fire extinguishing method: Use water cooling to achieve the purpose of extinguishing the fire, but do not use suffocation or isolation methods. Prohibit the use of sand to cover burning explosives, otherwise it will turn from combustion to explosion. When extinguishing toxic explosive fires, firefighters should wear gas masks.
Leakage treatment: For explosive materials, they should be moistened with water in a timely manner, and then collected with soft materials such as sawdust or cotton wool. The humidity should be maintained and reported to the fire department for handling. It is absolutely not allowed to repack the collected leakage materials into their original packaging.
Compressed gas and liquefied gas
Fire extinguishing method: Quickly move the unburned gas cylinder to a safe place; Spray a large amount of mist like water on gas cylinders that have already caught fire; When the fire is not serious, carbon dioxide, dry powder, foam and other fire extinguishers can be used to put out the fire.
Leakage treatment: When gas cylinders are found to leak during transportation, especially toxic gases, they should be quickly moved to a safe place and appropriate protection should be taken according to the nature of the gas. Stand upwind and tighten the valve. Most toxic gases can dissolve in water. In emergency situations, a towel soaked in clean water can be used to cover the mouth and nose for operation. If it cannot be stopped, the gas cylinder can be pushed into the water and relevant departments should be notified in a timely manner for handling.
Corrosive products
Fire extinguishing method: When inorganic or organic corrosive substances are directly burned, in addition to substances with water reaction characteristics, a large amount of water can generally be used to extinguish the fire. But it is advisable to use misty water instead of high-pressure water jets to directly spray objects, in order to avoid splashing water droplets carrying corrosive substances and burning firefighters.
Leakage treatment: Liquid corrosive products should be covered and absorbed with dry sand and soil, cleaned thoroughly, and then washed with water. When a large amount of overflow occurs, dilute acid or dilute alkali can be used to neutralize it. During neutralization, it is necessary to prevent violent reactions from occurring. When washing and leaking the site with water, only slowly pour or spray with mist water to prevent water droplets from splashing and injuring people.
3, Other precautions
Do not attempt to handle hazardous events that are beyond your control or for which you are unsure of safe disposal methods: When encountering hazardous events that are beyond your control or for which you are unsure how to safely handle them, you should immediately evacuate the scene and report to the police for assistance.
Proper use of emergency rescue facilities and proper storage of personal protective equipment: Enterprises should equip necessary emergency rescue facilities, such as eye wash stations, fire-fighting equipment, etc., and regularly inspect and maintain them. Employees should be familiar with the use of emergency rescue facilities and properly keep personal protective equipment such as gas masks, safety gloves, etc.
Training and drills: Regularly provide training on handling dangerous goods to employees to enhance their safety awareness and emergency response capabilities. Organize emergency drills to verify the effectiveness of emergency plans and enhance team collaboration skills.