What are the dangerous goods?

1, Definition and classification of dangerous goods
Dangerous goods, also known as hazardous materials, refer to substances and items that have hazardous characteristics such as explosiveness, flammability, toxicity, infectivity, corrosiveness, and radioactivity, and are prone to cause personal injury, property damage, or environmental pollution during transportation, storage, production, operation, use, and disposal, requiring special protection. According to the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (commonly known as the "Orange Book") and relevant laws and regulations of various countries, dangerous goods are usually classified into the following categories:
Explosives: including explosives, detonators, fuses, fireworks, etc., can undergo violent chemical reactions in a very short period of time, producing a large amount of gas and heat, leading to explosions.
Gas:
Flammable gases, such as hydrogen and acetylene, are highly flammable.
Non combustible gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, although not combustible, may cause suffocation due to lack of oxygen.
Toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide and chlorine, have toxic effects on the human body.
Flammable liquids: liquids with a closed cup flash point below 60 ℃, such as gasoline, diesel, alcohol, etc., are highly flammable.
Flammable solids, substances that are prone to spontaneous combustion, or substances that release flammable gases when in contact with water:
Flammable solids, such as red phosphorus and magnesium powder, are prone to spontaneous combustion or ignition in air.
Substances that are prone to spontaneous combustion, such as yellow phosphorus, can generate heat and cause combustion at room temperature.
Substances that release flammable gases upon contact with water, such as calcium carbide (calcium carbide), rapidly decompose upon contact with water to produce acetylene gas, which is flammable and explosive.
Oxidative substances and organic peroxides: substances that can release oxygen or undergo violent chemical reactions with other substances, such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, etc.
Toxic and infectious substances:
Toxic substances: substances that can accumulate to a certain amount and cause damage to living organisms after entering the body, such as heavy metals such as mercury and lead, pesticides, chemicals, etc.
Infectious substances: substances containing known or suspected pathogenic microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, etc.
Radioactive material: a substance that can spontaneously emit radiation (such as alpha, beta, gamma rays), including radioactive elements such as uranium, plutonium, and their compounds.
Corrosive substances: substances that can burn human tissues and cause damage to metals and other objects, such as strong acids, strong alkalis, etc.
Miscellaneous hazardous substances and items: substances and items that do not belong to any of the above categories but are hazardous, such as magnetic substances, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide, although non-toxic, can cause frostbite at low temperatures), etc.
2, Key points for managing dangerous goods
Classified storage: Classify and store hazardous materials according to their properties to avoid chemical reactions or mutual contamination.
Identification and packaging: Dangerous goods must be labeled and packaged in accordance with international or domestic standards for identification, transportation, and handling.
Transportation safety: The transportation of dangerous goods must comply with strict safety regulations, including the use of dedicated vehicles, professional drivers and escorts, adherence to specific routes and speed limits, etc.
Emergency preparedness: Develop detailed emergency plans, including response measures for emergencies such as fires, leaks, and poisoning, and conduct regular drills.
Training and Education: Provide professional training to personnel involved in hazardous material operations to enhance their safety awareness and emergency response capabilities.
Environmental requirements: In the production, use, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials, strict compliance with environmental regulations must be observed to prevent pollution to the environment.